{"id":772,"date":"2021-08-20T03:11:48","date_gmt":"2021-08-20T03:11:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/feralpacket.org\/?p=772"},"modified":"2021-08-20T03:11:48","modified_gmt":"2021-08-20T03:11:48","slug":"ospf-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/feralpacket.org\/?p=772","title":{"rendered":"OSPF Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"

OSPF -> Open Shortest Path First<\/b>:<\/p>\n

– Open standard
\n– IP protocol 89
\n– Multicast addresses
\n-> 224.0.0.4 – all routers
\n-> 224.0.0.5 – all DR
\n– Metric is cost
\n– Link state protocol
\n– Uses 3 tables
\n-> Neighbor table
\n-> Database table
\n-> Routing table
\n– SPF algorithm
\n– Uses Designated Router and Backup Designated Router concept on multiaccess networks
\n->
\n– Uses concept of areas
\n– Types of packets
\n-> Hello
\n-> Database Descriptors (DBD)
\n-> Link State Request (LSR)
\n-> Link State Update (LSU)
\n-> Link State Acknowledgment (LSAck)<\/p>\n

Neighbor formation<\/b>
\n– Hellos are sent to 224.0.0.5
\n– Hello packet
\n-> Router-id (must be unique)
\n-> Area-id (must match)
\n-> Timers (must match)
\n-> hello timer – 10 sec (LAN) | 30 sec (WAN)
\n-> dead timer – 40 sec (LAN) | 120 sec (WAN)
\n-> Authentication
\n-> Network \/ subnet mask (must match)
\n-> MTU (must match)
\n-> Number of neighbors in the segment (must match)<\/p>\n

Finite State Machine (FSM)<\/b>
\n1. Down – no hellos sent
\n2. Attempt – frame-relay or non-broadcast networks where multicast hellos will not work
\n3. INIT – Hello is sent to 224.0.0.5
\n4. 2-WAY – Parameters in hello packets match and both routers list each other as neighbors in hello packets
\n5. EXSTART – Master \/ Slave election; router-ids are compared (higher is better)
\n6. EXCHANGE – DBDs are exchanged (header information of the database, not the entire database)
\n7. Loading – Exchange of database
\n8. Full – Both routers are completely synchronized<\/p>\n

Steps 1 – 4, a basic neighborship is formed
\nStep 8, fully adjacent neighborship<\/p>\n

Neighborship Control<\/b>
\n– Timers -> 10 \/ 40
\nint fa0\/0<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nip ospf hello-interval <sec><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nip ospf dead-interval <sec><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

sh ip ospf interface<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

int fa0\/0<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nip ospf dead-interval minimal hello-multiplier <number of hellos><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n-> dead interval set to 1 sec
\n-> Hello -> e.g. – 4 times a second, every 250 ms<\/p>\n

– Passive interface
\n-> multicast hello processing is disabled
\nrouter ospf 1<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\npassive-interface { default | <int> }<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

sh ip protocols<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Manual Neighborship<\/b>
\n– Only allowed on non-broadcast multi-access (NBMA) networks
\nrouter ospf 1
\nneighbor <ip address><\/p>\n

OSPF Authentication<\/b>
\n– 3 types
\n-> type 0 – NULL
\n-> type 1 – plain text
\n-> type 2 – MD5
\n– Configuration
\n-> Interface – connected neighbor must be configured
\n-> Area-wide – all routers in the area must be configured<\/p>\n

Interface level configuration
\n– Plain text (type 1)
\nint s0\/0<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nip ospf authentication<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nip ospf authentication-key <password><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– MD5 (type 2)
\nint s0\/0<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nip ospf authentication<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nip ospf message-digest-key <id> md5 <password><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Area Wide Authentication<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Scenario -> Configure area wide authentication on R1 for area 0, but R2 is not configured for authentication, so skip s0\/0 of R1.<\/p>\n

R1(config)# router ospf 1<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\narea 0 authentication<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n-> all interfaces must now use authentication
\nint s0\/1<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nip ospf authentication-key <password><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nint s0\/2<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nip ospf authentication-key <password><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nint s0\/0<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nip ospf authentication NULL<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Interface configuration is preferred over area wide authentication<\/p>\n

Virtual-links are a special case with authentication and commonly comes up in the lab<\/p>\n

DR \/ BDR Election on multi-access networks<\/b>
\n– One router is elected the DR
\n-> highest priority
\n-> highest router-id
\n-> any manual router-id config
\n-> highest loopback address
\n-> highest physical interface address
\n– Another router which is second best is elected the BDR
\n– All routers for a fully adjacent neighborship with the DR and BDR
\n-> 2-WAY neighborship is formed with all other routers<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

SPF is a point-to-point protocol
\n– It doesn’t work on multi-access networks
\n– DR becomes a pseudo node to create a logical point-to-point network<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Transit network means you have to go through the pseudo node<\/p>\n

R3# sh ip ospf ne<\/span><\/span><\/span>i
\nR1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2-way \/ DROTHERS
\nR2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2-way \/ DROTHERS
\nR4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Full \/ BDR
\nR5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Full \/ DR<\/p>\n

Changing Priority<\/p>\n

int fa0\/0<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nip ospf priority <number><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n-> 0 – 255 (higher is better)
\n-> 0 – no participation in election
\n-> 1 – default priority<\/p>\n

OSPF Network Types<\/b>
\n– Depending on the interface OSPF is activated on, it decides some properties to be used
\n-> Timers
\n-> DR \/ BDR
\n-> Type of neighborship<\/p>\n

1. Broadcast Multi-access
\n2. Point-to-point
\n3. Non-broadcast Multi-access (NBMA)
\n4. Point-to-multipoint
\n5. Point-to-multipoint Non-broadcast<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Frame-relay default to NBMA
\n– When it is setup as a hub and spoke
\n-> If a spoke is elected DR, the other spokes will not be able to communicate with the DR<\/p>\n

int s0\/0<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nip ospf network <options><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

sh ip ospf database<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n-> shows database header information<\/p>\n

Link State Update (LSU)<\/b>
\n– A set of LSAs (Link State Advertisements)
\n-> LSA 1 – Router LSA
\n-> LSA-ID – router-id
\n-> neighbors connected to a router
\n-> networks connected to a router
\n-> LSA 2 – Network LSA
\n-> LSA-ID – IP address of DR
\n-> Information about transit network ( DR \/ BDR \/ DROTHERS )
\n-> Originated by DR
\n-> LSA 3 – Summary LSA
\n-> LSA-ID – for every network in the other area
\n-> Created by ABR
\n-> Cost to reach network from the ABR
\n-> LSA 4 – ASBR Summary
\n-> LSA-ID – router-id of ASBR
\n-> Contains cost of ABR to reach ASBR
\n-> LSA 5 – AS-External
\n-> LSA-ID – external networks
\n-> Created by ASBR
\n-> Cost of ASBR to reach external networks
\n-> LSA 7 – Not-so-stubby-area (NSSA)
\n-> LSA-ID – external network
\n-> Created by ASBR
\n-> Cost of ASBR to reach external networks<\/p>\n

sh ip ospf database <LSA type><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n– router
\n– network
\n– summary
\n– asbr-summary
\n– as-external
\n– nsaa-external<\/p>\n

OSPF Cost Calculation<\/b>
\n– Cumulative cost of all exit interfaces towards destination<\/p>\n

Cost of serial ethernet = 100 \/ 1.544 = 64
\nCost of fast ethernet = 100 \/ 100 = 1
\nCost of gigabit ethernet = 100 \/ 1000 = 1<\/p>\n

Fast ethernet and Gigabit ethernet having the same cost is not a good thing<\/p>\n

On the exam, if you see Gigabit ethernet interfaces, you may need to change the formula<\/p>\n

router ospf 1<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nauto-cost reference-bandwidth <Mbps><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

R3# sh ip ospf database route 4.4.4.4<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n-> shows the cost to R4’s connected network from R4’s point of view<\/p>\n

The change cost
\n-> bandwidth manipulation
\nint s0\/0<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nbandwidth 2000<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

int s0\/0<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nip ospf cost < 1 – 65535 ><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

R1 to 50.0.0.0
\n– Route #1 – R1 -> R2 -> R4 -> 50.0.0.0 = cost of 66
\n– Route #2 – R1 -> R3 -> R5 -> 50.0.0.0 = cost of 66<\/p>\n

Scenario -> Change the cost in this diagram in such a way that R1 goes to 50.0.0.0 by following the route R1 -> R2 -> R3 -> R5 -> 50.0.0.0<\/p>\n

When asked a question about traffic engineering, always start at the end
\n-> R2’s link to R4 – ip ospf cost 3<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n-> R1’s link to R3 – ip ospf cost 67<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

OSPF Summarization<\/b>
\n– Can be done on Area Border (ABR)
\n– Can be done on Domain Border (ASBR)
\n-> border between routing protocols
\n-You cannot summarize within an area
\n-> That would defeat the point of SPF<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

R2(config)# router ospf 1<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\narea <source area> range <network> <subnet><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

router ospf 1<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\narea 0 range 10.0.0.0 255.255.252.0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

R3(config)# router ospf 1<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nredistribute eigrp 1 subnets<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nsummary-address 192.168.0.0 255.255.254.0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Default Route<\/b><\/p>\n

router ospf 1<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\ndefault-information originate [always] [router-map <name>] [metric <value>] [metric-type [1|2]]<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n-> always
\n->without this keyword, the local router needs a default route in the routing table
\n-> with this keyword, the default route is injected regardless of a default route being represent in the local routing table
\n-> metric – default is 1<\/p>\n

OSPF Filtering<\/b>
\n– Filtering is only possible on Area Borders<\/p>\n

router ospf 1<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\narea <number> filter-list prefix <name> in | out<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Scenario -> Filter lo0 of R3 from Area 0<\/p>\n

R2(config)# ip prefix-list ABC deny 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nip prefix-list ABC permit 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 le 32<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

router ospf 1<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\narea 0 filter-list prefix ABC in<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

It’s preferable to filter out of an area when multiple areas are present
\n– Filtering coming into an area does not stop the router from entering the database table
\n-> it can be filtered and prevented from entering the routing table<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

R1(config)# access-list 1 deny 3.3.3.3<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\naccess-list 1 permit any<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

router ospf 1<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\ndistribute-list 1 in<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Not a good method;\u00a0 it can cause problems, but will likely come up in the exam
\n– A static route pointing to NULL0 is much better, but static routes are heavily frowned upon in the exam<\/p>\n

Filtering by Distance<\/b><\/p>\n

router ospf 1<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\ndistance 255 <source> <wildcard> <acl><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Filtering External Routes<\/b><\/p>\n

Scenario -> R3 is redistributing the following routes from EIGRP
\n– 10.0.0.0 \/24
\n– 10.0.1.0 \/24
\n– 10.0.2.0 \/24
\n– 10.0.3.0 \/24
\n-> Filer 10.0.0.0 and 10.0.1.0 when redistributing<\/p>\n

R3(config)# router ospf 1<\/span><\/span>
\nredistribute eigrp 1 subnets<\/span><\/span>
\nsummary-address 10.0.0.0 255.255.254.0 not-advertise<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Virtual Links<\/b>
\n– Used to connect discontiguous areas and broken area 0
\n– A virtual link is a point-to-point link in area 0<\/p>\n

ABR1 – ABR between backbone and transit area
\nABR2 – ABR between transit area and discontiguous area<\/p>\n

ABR1 | ABR2<\/p>\n

router ospf 1<\/span><\/span>
\narea <transit area> virtual-link <router-id of other ABR><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

R1(config)# router ospf 1<\/span><\/span>
\narea 1 virtual-link 2.2.2.2<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

R2(config)# rotuer ospf 1<\/span><\/span>
\narea 1 virtual-link 1.1.1.1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

sh ip ospf interface<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Stub Areas<\/b>
\n– Stub area
\n– Totally stubby area
\n– Not-so-stubby-area (NSSA)
\n– Totally NSSA<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Stub area
\n– Does not allow type 5 routes into the area
\n– All external routes (type 5) are filtered by ABR and replaced with one type 3 default route<\/p>\n

Totally stubby area
\n– Do not allow type 3 or type 5 routes into the area<\/p>\n

– Replaced with a type 3 default route<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Stub Area Configuration<\/b>
\n– On all routers in area 1, including the ABR<\/p>\n

router ospf 1<\/span><\/span>
\narea 1 stub<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

sh ip ospf<\/span><\/span>
\n– lists areas and which ones are stubs<\/p>\n

Totally Subby Area Configuration<\/b>
\n– On all routers in the area except the ABR<\/p>\n

router ospf 1<\/span><\/span>
\narea 1 stub<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– On ABR<\/p>\n

router ospf 1<\/span><\/span>
\narea 1 stub no-summary<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

NSSA
\n– Stub area with redistribution possible
\n– It’s a stub area with an ASBR
\n– External routes created inside the NSSA are type 7
\n-> Because type 5 LSAs are not allowed in stub areas
\n– When type 7 LSAs reach an ABR between the NSSA and area 0, the LSAs are translated to type 5 LSAs by a “translator ABR”
\n– If multiple ABRs are present, there will be a translator election and the one with the highest router-id wins<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

If area 2 is filtering R6’s address from area 0, then after translation from type 7 to type 5, area 0 routes would not be able to reach the external routers from the NSSA<\/p>\n

type 5
\nnetwork 50.0.0.0
\noriginator-id 4.4.4.4
\nforwarding address 6.6.6.6 -> 0.0.0.0
\n-> forwarding address would need to be suppressed when translated from type 7 to type 5<\/p>\n

NSSA Configuration<\/b>
\n– On all routers in the area, including the ABR<\/p>\n

router ospf 1<\/span><\/span>
\narea 2 nssa<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Totally NSSA Configuration<\/b>
\n– On all routers in the area, except the ABR<\/p>\n

router ospf 1<\/span><\/span>
\narea 2 nssa<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– On the ABR<\/p>\n

router ospf 1<\/span><\/span>
\narea 2 nssa no-summary<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

To suppress forwarding address on translator ABR<\/p>\n

router ospf 1<\/span><\/span>
\narea 2 nssa translate type 7 supress-fa<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

no-redistribution<\/p>\n

– When no-redistribution is done, it will normally create type 5 and type 7 LSAs<\/p>\n

– By using the keyword “no-redistribution”, the ABR is instructed not to generate type 7 LSAs<\/p>\n

R4(config)# router ospf 1<\/span><\/p>\n

area 2 nssa no-redistribution<\/span><\/p>\n

-> Stub area – injects a default router type 3 LSA<\/p>\n

-> Totally stubby area – injects a default route type 3 LSA<\/p>\n

-> NSSA – no default route is injected<\/p>\n

-> Totally NSSA – default router type 3 LSA<\/p>\n

To inject a default router in a NSSA<\/p>\n

router ospf 1<\/span><\/p>\n

area 2 nssa default-information-originate<\/span><\/p>\n

-> This will create a type 7 default route be injected into the NSSA<\/p>\n

Troubleshooting:<\/b><\/p>\n

No OSPF Neighborship:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

– Interface not participating<\/p>\n

-> Check passive interface configuration<\/p>\n

-> show ip ospf int bri<\/span> (IOS)<\/p>\n

-> show ipv6 ospf int br<\/span>i (IOS)<\/p>\n

-> show o<\/span>spf int bri<\/span>\u00a0(XR)<\/p>\n

-> show ospfv3 int bri<\/span> (XR)<\/p>\n

– Hello interval mismatch<\/p>\n

– MTU mismatch<\/p>\n

– Area mismatch<\/p>\n

– IP address \/ mask wrong<\/p>\n

– Authentication error<\/p>\n

OSPF Neighborship up:<\/b><\/p>\n

– mismatch network types<\/p>\n

-> broadcast and point-to-point<\/p>\n

-> show ip ospf nei<\/span> (IOS)<\/p>\n

-> show ipv6 ospf nei<\/span> (IOS)<\/p>\n

-> one side shows “DR or BDR”, otherside shows “-”<\/p>\n

-> show ospf nei<\/span> (XR)<\/p>\n

-> show ospfv3 nei<\/span> (XR)<\/p>\n

– no database exchange<\/p>\n

-> show ip route ospf<\/span><\/p>\n

-> show ipv6 route ospf<\/span><\/p>\n

-> loopback of neighbor router comes from a different router<\/p>\n

– Wrong router-id<\/p>\n

Verification (IOS):<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh ip ospf int<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh ipv6 ospf int<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh ip ospf int bri<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh ipv6 ospf int bri<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh ip ospf nei<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh ipv6 ospf nei<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh ip protocols<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh ipv6 protocols<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh ipv6 ospf\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

-> To check router-id<\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh ip ospf database<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh ip ospf datebase | be Ex<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh ip ospf virtual-link<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh ip route ospf<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh ipv6 route ospf<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– debug ip ospf hello<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– debug ip routing<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– ping 2.2.0.8 source lo0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– ping 2002:2:2::8 source lo0<\/span><\/p>\n

Verification (XR):<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh ospf int<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh ospf int bri<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh ospf nei<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh protocols<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh ospfv3 int<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh ospfv3 int bri<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh ospfv3 nei<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh protocols ipv6<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh route ipv4 ospf<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 -> sh route ospf<\/span> (also works)<\/p>\n

\u00a0– sh route ipv6 ospf<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– ping 2.2.0.2 source 2.2.0.8<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– pint 2002:2:2::2 source 2002:2:2::8<\/span><\/p>\n

IPV6 OSPFv3<\/b><\/p>\n

– Multicast FF02::5 – all routers<\/p>\n

– Multicast FF02::6 – all DR routers<\/p>\n

R1(config)# int s0\/0<\/span><\/p>\n

ipv6 ospf 1 area 0<\/span><\/p>\n

ipv6 router ospf 1<\/span><\/p>\n

ospf router-id 1.1.1.1<\/span><\/p>\n

Summarization<\/b><\/p>\n

– Inside routing mode<\/p>\n

ipv6 router ospf 1<\/span><\/p>\n

area 0 range <summary address\/nm><\/span><\/p>\n

Default Routing<\/b><\/p>\n

– Inside routing mode<\/p>\n

ipv6 router ospf 1<\/span><\/p>\n

default-information originate [ always | route-map <name> ]<\/span><\/p>\n

Filtering<\/b><\/p>\n

– Only distribute-list is supported<\/p>\n

– Inter-area filtering is not supported<\/p>\n

– Filtering is done on the local router between the database and the routing table<\/p>\n

ipv6 router ospf<\/span><\/p>\n

distribute-list prefix <name> in<\/span><\/p>\n

Authentication<\/b><\/p>\n

– OSPFv3 supports IPsec authentication<\/p>\n

-> Authentication<\/p>\n

-> MD5<\/p>\n

-> SHA1 (Secure Hash Algorithm)<\/p>\n

-> Encryption<\/p>\n

-> DES<\/p>\n

->3DES<\/p>\n

-> AES<\/p>\n

int s0\/0<\/span><\/p>\n

ipv6 ospf authentication ipsec spi 500 { md5 | sha1 } <password><\/span><\/p>\n

-> For MD5, password is 32 characters long<\/p>\n

-> For SHA1, password is 40 characters long<\/p>\n

ipv6 ospf encryption ipsec spi 500 { des | 3des | aes }<\/span><\/p>\n

New LSAs and Changes<\/b><\/p>\n

– LSA 8<\/p>\n

-> Intra Area Prefixes<\/p>\n

-> All connected networks of all routers within the area<\/p>\n

– LSA 1<\/p>\n

-> Only lists the neighbors \/ routers in the area<\/p>\n

– LSA 9<\/p>\n

-> Link LSA<\/p>\n

-> It consists of the link-local address<\/p>\n

-> Scope is link-local<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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